EIGHT PRINCIPLES
OF INTEGRATED
PEST MANAGEMENT
The use of pesticides made it possible to increase yields, simplify
cropping systems, and forego more complicated crop protection strategies.
Over-reliance on chemical control, however, is associated with contamination
of ecosystems and undesirable health effects.
The European Union requires the application of eight principles (P) of Integrated
Pest Management that fit within sustainable farm management. Here, we propose to
farmers, advisors, and researchers a dynamic and flexible approach that accounts
for the diversity of farming situations and the complexities of agroecosystems and
that can improve the resilience of cropping systems and our capacity to adapt
crop protection to local realities.
For each principle (P), we suggest that
(P1) the design of inherently robust cropping systems using a combination of
agronomic levers is key to prevention.
(P2) Local availability of monitoring, warning, and forecasting systems is a
reality to contend with.
(P3) The decision-making process can integrate cropping system factors to
develop longer-term strategies.
(P4) The combination of non-chemical methods that may be individually less
efficient than pesticides can generate valuable synergies.
(P5) Development of new biological agents and products and the use of existing
databases offer options for the selection of products minimizing impact on
health, the environment, and biological regulation of pests.
(P6) Reduced pesticide use can be effectively combined with other tactics.
(P7) Addressing the root causes of pesticide resistance is the best way to
find sustainable crop protection solutions.
(P8) integration of multi-season effects and trade-offs in evaluation criteria
will help develop sustainable solutions.
Eight principles of
integrated pest management
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-015-0327-9
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The
National
Pest
Management
Association
NPMA
https://npmapestworld.org/
Insects
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/insects
How to
Manage
Pests
http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r280301011.html
Bugwoodwiki
https://wiki.bugwood.org/Main_Page
Plant Pests
and Diseases
https://www.acsebooks.com/product-plant-pests-and-diseases-pdf-ebook-6069.aspx
GARDEN
IPM
Integrated
Pest
Management
(IPM)
https://extension.unh.edu/blog/garden-IPM
American Museum
of Natural History
https://www.amnh.org/
Global Biodiversity
Information Facility
http://www.gbif.org/
Insects
http://amazingfacts4u.com/category/insects/
Active
Wild
https://www.activewild.com/
National Pest
Management Association
NPMA
https://npmapestworld.org/
Animals and
Their Habitats
http://www.dpughphoto.com/index
Critter Catalog
http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/
The
Encyclopedia
of Life
http://eol.org/
The Xerces
Society
http://www.xerces.org/
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