WOMEN
REPRODUCTIVE
ISSUES
RIGHTS
REPRODUCTION
ISSUES IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
WHAT ARE REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS?
REPRODUCTIVE JUSTICE
WOMEN REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES LINKS
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SECTION 1
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction, process by which organisms replicate themselves.
Reproduction
https://www.britannica.com/science/reproduction-biology
Reproduction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction
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SECTION 2
ISSUES IN
REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH
Health and being a woman
Being a woman has implications for health. Health needs of women
can be broadly classified under four categories.
First, women have specific health needs related to the sexual
and reproductive function.
Second, women have an elaborater eproductive system that is
vulnerable to dysfunction or disease, even before it is put
to function or after it has been put out of function.
Third, women are subject to the same diseases of other body
systems that can affect men. The disease patterns often differ
from those of men because of genetic constitution, hormonal
environment or gender-evolved lifestyle behavior. Diseases of
other body systems or their treatments may interact with
conditions of the reproductive system or function.
Fourth, because women are women, they are subject to social diseases
which impact on their physical, mental or social health.
Examples include:
female genital mutilation
sexual abuse
domestic violence
MATERNAL
AND
CHILD
HEALTH
MCH
The needs of women have been traditionally addressed within the concept
of maternal and child health MCH. The needs of the woman were submerged
in the needs of the mother. MCH programs and services have played and
continue to play an important role in promotive,preventive and curative
health care of mothers and children. MCH services tend to focus on the
healthy child as the successful out come. While mothers care very much for
this successful out come because of the investment they make in the process
of reproduction,this focus resulted in less emphasis being put on caring
for the health risks to which mothers are liable during pregnancy and
child birth, and on putting in place the essential obstetric functions and
facilities to deal with them. As a result, the tragedy of maternal mortality
in developing countries has now reached dimensions that can no longer be
ignored.
The following are ten propositions to make reproductive health services
more"woman-friendly":
1. MCH, family planning and other reproductive health services should
be placed under one managerial responsibility, to ensure that all
reproductive health needs are met, that all needs receive a relatively
adequate allocation of resources, that services are adequately linked
and coordinated, and where appropriate are integrated.
2. Services should be organized to suit the convenience of users and not
the convenience of providers. Reproductive health is about health needs
of healthy people. Dealing with healthy people implies a change in the
provider-patient relationship, from a giver-recipient relationship, to a
more participatory type of health care. Counselling is the word for good
reproductive health care.
3. MCH should continue to integrate family planning services, as an essential
component of pre-conceptional and postpartum reproductive health care, with
counselling and informed choice as integral elements. This does not mean that
family planning services should not be provided through other outlets as well.
Women and men should have a broader choice, notonly among contraceptive methods
but also among providers and services. MCH service, aspresently structured, are
particularly inadequate as an outlet for adolescent services and services for men.
4. Particularly in areas where STD prevalence is high, MCH services should consider
integrating the provision of information, education, condoms, screening facilities,
therapeutic procedures for lower reproductive tract infections and referral services.
These should be provided for both prenatal patients and users of family planning.
5. MCH services should be linked to the provision of essential obstetric functions
at the first referral level. Without the back-up of and access to these essential
functions,community based prenatal and delivery services will have much less impact
on making motherhood safer for women.
6. The concept of reproductive health dictates that special attention should be given
to the care of the girl child. This is not a female preference but to compensate for
the social disadvantage of being a female in societies that discriminate against girls.
It is also a recognition of the impact of the health and nutrition of the female child
on the woman's future reproductive health.
7. A woman-friendly service cannot bury its head in the sand, so as not to see unsafe
abortion as a public health problem. It should respond in a way that is within the
legal frame and within its capacity. There are a number of menu options for the service
to select what it can afford and can deliver: expanding the effort for information,
education and services for family planning; promoting the use of more effective methods;
providing access to and information about emergency post-coital contraception; providing
reliable free pregnancy testing to allow women with an unwanted pregnancy to take an
early action if they so desire; introducing the menstrual regulation procedure ; providing
humane services for victims of unsafe abortion; and, where not against the law, making
available and accessible safe pregnancy termination services.
8. A health education programme in a woman-friendly service, while focussing on the immediate
needs of maternity and child care, should expand to cover other aspects of reproductive health
care of women, including family planning, safe sex, and special needs of the mature woman
related to the menopause and early detection of gynecologic malignancies. Breastfeeding should
be promoted while recognizing the demand it puts on the woman to breastfeed. Women should be
supported to breastfeed but should not be made to feel guilty if they cannot continue
breastfeeding.
9. Services should attend to the health care of all women, married or unmarried.
10. Services should be sensitive to and aware of the social conditions in the community that
adversely impact on women's health. These should be addressed in the health education programme.
Violence against women, including female genital mutilation and rape, should be on the agenda.
Reproductive health care providers have to interact with society. No society has ever been
neutral about sexual and reproductive issues. Social values impacton women's health. No other
health profession has to deal with emotionally charged health issues such as sexuality and
abortion. We cannot ignore social issues in women's reproductive health even if we want to.
A woman-friendly service does not play the ostrich and bury its head in the sands of biology
and biomedical technology, and turn its back to the realities of social life.
ISSUES IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/issues.htm
“If someone speaks to you about your
body with anything but kindness and
concern, it is he who has a problem.”
Dr. Jen Gunter, an obstetrician-gynecologist
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SECTION 3
WHAT ARE
REPRODUCTIVE
RIGHTS?
"Reproductive rights" are the rights of individuals to
decide whether to reproduce and have reproductive health.
This may include:
an individual's right to plan a family,
terminate a pregnancy,
use contraceptives,
learn about sex education in public schools,
gain access to reproductive health services.
What are Reproductive Rights?
https://family.findlaw.com/reproductive-rights/what-are-reproductive-rights-.html
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SECTION 4
REPRODUCTIVE
JUSTICE
Reproductive rights are centered around the legal right to access
reproductive health care services like abortion and birth control.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade represented a watershed
moment that cemented a woman’s right to choose whether to have an
abortion or not.
But we are now facing a time when women’s reproductive rights are
under coordinated, unrelenting and mainstream attacks, and we need
to consider new and more nuanced ways of tackling these threats.
What good is a right if you cannot access the services that right has
provided? This is why reproductive justice is critical. Reproductive
justice links reproductive rights with the social, political and
economic inequalities that affect a woman’s ability to access
reproductive health care services. Core components of reproductive
justice include equal access to safe abortion, affordable
contraceptives and comprehensive sex education, as well as freedom
from sexual violence.
Reproductive Justice
https://www.publichealthpost.org/viewpoints/reproductive-justice/
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Roe
v.
Wade
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18
Reproductive
System
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_system
The female
Reproductive
System
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_female_reproductive_system
Reproductive
Health
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_health
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Reproductive
Justice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_justice
5 Reproductive
Health Issues
We Should Be
Talking About
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/08/health/women-reproductive-health-vagina.html
Center
For
Reproductive Rights
https://www.reproductiverights.org/
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Reproductive System:
Facts, Functions & Diseases
https://www.livescience.com/26741-reproductive-system.html
Top 5
Reproductive Health Problems
Men Suffer From & Why
https://www.malefertility.md/blog/top-5-reproductive-health-problems-men-suffer-from-why
Planned
Parenthood
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/
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SECTION 5
WOMEN
REPRODUCTIVE
ISSUES RIGHTS
LINKS
Biology of Reproduction
https://academic.oup.com/biolreprod
Black Women for Reproductive Justice
http://bwrj.org/welcome.html
California Latinas for Reproductive Justice
http://www.californialatinas.org
CDC Division of Reproductive Health
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/DRH/
Colorado Organization for Latina Opportunity and Reproductive Rights
http://www.colorlatina.org/
Common Reproductive Health Concerns for Women
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/womensrh/healthconcerns.html
Female reproductive system diseases
https://www.dmu.edu/medterms/female-reproductive-system/female-reproductive-system-diseases/
Forward Together
http://www.reproductivejustice.org
Health Care & Reproductive Rights
https://nwlc.org/issue/health-care-reproductive-rights/
Laws about Women’s Reproductive Rights
https://women-s.net/womens-reproductive-rights-laws/
Loretta Ross Papers at Smith College Archives
https://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss205_bioghist.html
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MEASURE Evaluation Family Planning and
Reproductive Health Indicators Database
https://www.measureevaluation.org/prh/rh_indicators
National Asian Women's Health Organization
http://www.nawho.org/
National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health
http://www.latinainstitute.org/
Reproduction
https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Reproduction
Reproductive Health & Rights
https://iwpr.org/issue/health-safety/reproductive-health-rights/
Reproductive Health and Rights
https://www.hivlawandpolicy.org/issues/reproductive-health-and-rights
Reproductive Health, Rights, & Justice Fellowship
https://rockwoodleadership.org/fellowships/rhrj/
Reproductive Issues
https://endocrinenews.endocrine.org/category/health-topic/reproductive-issues/
Reproductive Issues
https://ormfertility.com/informational-articles/reproductive-issues/
Reproductive Justice
https://www.uua.org/reproductive
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Reproductive Rights
https://statusofwomendata.org/explore-the-data/reproductive-rights/
Reproductive Rights and Justice
https://now.org/issues/abortion-rights-reproductive-issues/
Sexual & reproductive health
https://www.unfpa.org/sexual-reproductive-health
Sexual & Reproductive Health & Rights
https://www.globalfundforwomen.org/sexual-reproductive-health-rights/
Sexual and reproductive health and rights
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/WRGS/Pages/HealthRights.aspx
Sexual and reproductive health and rights
https://plan-international.org/publications/sexual-reproductive-health-rights
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR)
http://srhr.org/
SPARK! Reproductive Justice NOW
http://www.sparkrj.org
WHO Reproductive health and research
http://www.emro.who.int/entity/rhrn/
Women's Reproductive Health and Rights
https://womensreproductivehealthandrights.blogspot.com/2017/04/womens-reproductive-rights.html
Women's Reproductive Rights
http://guides.ll.georgetown.edu/c.php?g=592919&p=4172361
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ENDOW
Educating
on the Nature and
Dignity of Women
https://endowgroups.org/
Willy Worries
&
Womens Worries.com
https://www.willyworries.com/
Equal Justice Initiative
https://eji.org/
Gender & Society
GENDSOC
http://gas.sagepub.com/
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Misogyny
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny
Gender-related violence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gender-related_violence
Just-Health.net
http://www.just-health.net/
The International
Museum of Women,
I.M.O.W.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Museum_of_Women
Wikigender
http://www.wikigender.org/index.php/New_Home
International
Women's Day
http://www.internationalwomensday.com/default.asp
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